Essay on The Correlation Between Body Mass and Brain Function

There is a strong correlation between obesity and brain performance.Being overweight or obese causes poor brain performance. When there is an excess of cholesterol in the human body, there will be delays in motor skills, memory, and constant exhaustion. Simply being overweight or obese causes all these negative effects. Being overweight or obesemeans weight numbers are greater than what is considered healthy. In other words,the higher the weight number, the higher the chance of catching a disease. According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention categorizes overweight and obese people by applying the height and weight of a person to evaluate the Body Mass Index (BMI). For example, if a persons height is 59, weighs 124 lbs and†¦show more content†¦AD is one of many disorders that describes the mental disorder, which are portrayed by emotional and behavioral dillema (National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2003, pp. 7-9). The brains of peoples AD are reducedbecause themass of adipose tissue increases. Scientists proved this by experimenting on human brains from dismembered heads (Ho,A.2009). According to these studies, we can clearly and confidently state that being overweight is not good for our health. The main trigger of AD is leptin, which is a hormone that signals to our brains the amount of fat that our body has to deal with. Thus the brain can adapt to eating to save fat reserves at a certain level and the more fat we have, the higher the level of leptin. At first, scientists thought that leptin might be used to deal with obesity, but soon they found that the majority of obese people are immune to the effects. People with large amounts of leptin had a bigger cerebral brain volume and a reducedfrequencyof mental illness and AD (Small, G. 2009). According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 60 % of all Americans have excess weight and 33,8 % them sufferfrom adiposity. There are vari ous reasons for this kind of problem, such as a sedentary way of life, unhealthy food, mental frustration and lack of time. Being fat is not healthy for people and can trigger a lot of diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, mentalShow MoreRelatedThe Relationship Between Sensitivity And Punishment And Eating Behaviors1281 Words   |  6 Pages The Relationship between Sensitivity to Reward and Punishment and Eating Behaviours Courtney Andrews Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology University Abstract A study involving 252 participants undergoing the course Biological Psychology was carried out in order to examine the correlation between sensitivity to reward (SP), Body Mass Index (BMI), weight and more frequent consumption of unhealthy fast foods, (e.g., high in fat and sugar). The core results showedRead MoreSleep Deprivation And Academic Performance1430 Words   |  6 Pageswith brain development, create mood swings and affect body development and immunity to sickness. Sleep deprivation disrupts neural development. Brain development is   needed for all academic activities. 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Many people would argue that the correlation behind it is that it is more like ly that a person makes bad health decisions like drinking and doing drugs when they grow up in those conditions but I know that there is research that can directly linkRead MoreThe Effects Of Alzheimers Disease1207 Words   |  5 Pagesstructure is called chromatin, which is tightly packaged DNA that cannot be expressed into proteins for function. How HDAC affects memory loss in Alzheimer’s patients Though HDAC is involved in gene silencing all over the body, it was in the research team’s immediate interest that it silences memory-forming DNA. There was scientific evidence that a specific form, HDAC2, was found in high levels in brains of Alzheimer’s patients. The team decides to manipulate HDAC to bring back memory The researchersRead More The Course of Human Evolution Essay1675 Words   |  7 Pagesgrow into smaller body sizes, and produce a great amount of offspring that are vulnerable to death. 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The Age Of Uncertainty Between 1890 And 1920 s A New...

America has been plagued with the â€Å"American Dream† since its citizens first started spreading out westward in search of wealth and fame. Along with this American ideal came the concept of being un-American and not standing for what was considered â€Å"true† American. With the emergence of Populists, Progressives and Radicals came a vast difference between what was thought as American. All groups claimed to be trying to make the US a better place however each differed vastly in their ideas of going about it. During the age of uncertainty between 1890 and the 1920’s a new movement called the Progressives emerged in parts of the Unites States. They emerged as part of a long tradition of reform aimed at correcting the issues of the country. Progressives ranged across the social and political spectrum with different views on reform and ideas on how to go about it. â€Å"It crossed the lines of party, class, gender and even race† (Nugent, page 4). Many presidents and influential speakers had overlapping ideas regarding reform. By the end of the era progressives managed to tackle everything from class conflict to making people better citizens. Famous progressives include iconic members of US history such as Theodore Roosevelt, Woodrow Wilson, Jane Adams and â€Å"muckraker† journalists such as Upton Sinclair One of the first issues tackled by progressives included laborers and their disconnection from government. During the start of the progressive era there were few laws and regulations setShow MoreRelatedWilliam Shakespeare s Life And Life2165 Words   |  9 PagesWilliam S. U’Ren’s parents came to the United States from Cornwall, England. William Richard U’Ren and his wife Frances, were religious followers of John Wesley and looked at the United States, as a new start. William S. U’Ren was born in Lancaster, Wisconsin, on January 10, 1859, and would be brought up within a religious home. 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Stefan’s Diaries The Craving Chapter 28 Free Essays

The three of us tore out of the chapel. As soon as we left the Richards’ estate grounds we were plunging through woods. Saplings stung our legs as we pitched downhill through the wet night, and tall pines blocked whatever moonlight might have slipped between the clouds. We will write a custom essay sample on Stefan’s Diaries: The Craving Chapter 28 or any similar topic only for you Order Now If we had been human, our feet would have surely skidded on the forest floor of decaying leaves. Unable to see more than a yard or so in front of us we would have crashed into the giant trunk of a tree. Instead, we moved like predators, coursing through the night like vampires had for hundreds of years: streaking through the wilds to the next village of potential victims, chasing down someone who had foolishly separated from the herd and decided to travel at night by himself. It felt good to be racing this way, with a few ounces of human blood zinging through my veins. I was almost able to lose myself in the flight, forgetting about what it was we were fleeing from. Then there was a noise. It started out like the beginning of a long roll of thunder, climbed into a crescendo of inhuman groaning, and ended in a screech of despair. The noise was everywhere, filling our ears, the valley we were descending into, the sky above us. The three of us stopped, startled by the sound. â€Å"Well, I guess the vampire is free,† Damon huffed. â€Å"Margaret – † I began. â€Å"Trust me, she’s fine. Did you see what she did to him?† Damon pointed out. â€Å"What is she, though?† I asked. â€Å"A witch.† â€Å"Like Emily?† I wondered, my theory confirmed. Was the world simply full of witches, vampires, demons, and who knows what else, most of which were invisible to human eyes? â€Å"I had a feeling there was something different about her when I couldn’t compel her†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Damon explained. â€Å"So I asked. And she answered. Pretty straightforward, that one.† â€Å"So she†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"Cast a protective spell around herself and her family, and was burning his brain meats with some mental ability or other to buy us a little time. Emphasis on the word little,† he added. â€Å"Hope that protective spell is still up.† There was another roar. â€Å"Keep moving,† Lexi ordered, and we began again. The woods grew blacker as if nature herself dreaded his approach, and we could feel the earth tremble with his every footstep. Damon and I leaped over a giant log, and for one fleeting moment our motions were perfectly synchronized. But then the three of us came to skidding halt at the edge of a cliff that looked out over all of upper Manhattan. â€Å"Huh,† my brother said doubtfully, peering over its edge. â€Å"We’ll have to find some other way down,† I said, starting to look back the way we came. â€Å"A path, or†¦Ã¢â‚¬  With a cry, Lexi hurled herself over the edge of the cliff. I watched her, wide-eyed with horror. â€Å"Find another way down?† Damon said, shaking his head disappointedly at me. â€Å"Still thinking like a human, brother.† And he dove after her. I swore under my breath, watching him disappear into the branches below. Then I followed. As frightening as that fall was, there was something very freeing about it. I was weightless, swimming through the air. The world whistled through my outstretched fingers and hair. It almost felt as though I were flying. I smashed down through thick leafy canopy and rolled into a ball, eventually coming right side up with a twisted ankle that reset itself almost before I noticed it. Damon and Lexi were standing still. She had her head cocked, listening to the strange quiet we suddenly found ourselves in. â€Å"He lost us,† Damon said, triumphantly. â€Å"He didn’t realize we went down the cliff! He’s†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"He’s in front of us,† Lexi breathed, eyes widening. The silence to the south was in fact complete, as if every living thing had quieted or died. We waited, unsure what to do, though it was hard to say for what. Then came the sound of a single blade of grass bending and breaking. â€Å"RUN!† Lexi screamed. We took off. I made the mistake of looking behind me. What I saw and what I heard didn’t match up; on the one hand, it briefly appeared that an older man was following me with surprising swiftness. But the shadow cast by the moonlight was of something far bigger and inhumanly shaped. Bushes and trees fell and crashed out of his way before he even touched them. I doubled my pace. We had no choice but to head south. The woods thinned and civilization began to rear its ugly head: a lonely, last farm, a cluster of abandoned holdings, a large estate, a hotel, dirt roads to paved avenues still crowded with horses and carriages and cabs and people even in the middle of this night. And behind us, gaining power from every shadow through which he passed, was the old one. We turned a corner around a fruit stand, knocking down baskets, and the stench of decay that issued from his raggedy breathing mouth was hot on my neck. We dashed through a slum, avoiding clotheslines and open pits of raw sewage, and he was there, throwing aside things and people to get to us. When we thought we had pulled ahead, twisting through narrow alleys and confusing side streets, we could still feel his Power, his frustration vibrating through the night. Lexi led us, and whether it was her own Power or a familiarity with the city, she managed to find just the right fire escapes to leap to, just the right piles of garbage to roll over. Perhaps this was not the first time she had fled from a demon of this stature. â€Å"The seaport,† she hissed. â€Å"It’s our only chance.† Damon nodded, for once having no trouble taking orders from someone else. We made our way to the west, to the avenues bordering the mighty Hudson. Lexi’s eyes suddenly narrowed and she pointed. A clipper ship, a pretty shiny blue vessel just pulling away from the dock, filled with all sorts of New York goods to sell overseas. With a mighty leap Lexi cleared the water between the dock and its deck, arms poised in the air like a cat leaping upon its prey. Damon and I followed suit, silently landing on the dark deck. By the time we recovered ourselves she was already compelling a shocked sailor who had seen the manner of our arrival. â€Å"We’re on the manifest. My brothers and I have a berth below. We did not just leap aboard†¦.† Damon surveyed the ship with interest, pleased with his new locale. I looked back toward shore. There stood a single, innocuous-seeming man leaning against the rail of the wharf, pale as if he had sucked all the moonlight into himself. He stood casually, like he was just there to watch the ships come and go. But the look in his eyes was deadly and eternal – and unforgiving. How to cite Stefan’s Diaries: The Craving Chapter 28, Essay examples

Evaluation of Two Paintings Essay Example For Students

Evaluation of Two Paintings Essay Both paintings have a common characteristic which is hope. Parsifal is an artwork painted in oil on canvas by Pinkeye Marcus Simon. After researching, noticed that Simonys birthday date was uncertain. According to the card next to the painting in the museum, states he was born in 1867. This is denied by the website, Art Magic, Which States he was born in 1865 probably in New York City. The information was provided by a lady named Mary Clare Alteration Who based her data on his death certificate and passport. He lived in Europe (Spain, Italy and France) and returned to America once in his first advent five years. While a collegian, Simon studied painting with J. G Bibber as the youngest of his pupils. Simon exhibited four times in Salon De la Rose Choir, France in the sass and had some one-man shows in New York, Boston and Chicago in the mid sass (Art Magic). According to the card next to the painting, La Sale Art Museum purchased the artwork Parsifal with the funds provided by James Hands and Richard M Tune, in 1995. Know enough about oil painting, after spending three years at an art school in my country, where I Eve painted over ten oil on canvas besides the other techniques of art I have also used. An then ay Parsifal is a really interesting artwork to study and work on. While working on this paper, I have been to the museum every single day, whenever had some free time in-between my classes either to take some notes on what the painting inspires in me or just to stand thinking about what could write about Parsifal The scene takes place in a big forest. Many angels dressed in different co lors are rising to the sky while one angel is standing up illuminating the whole space There are four sad people discussing on the bottom left side of the canvas. A king in a red robe is thoughtfully sitting on his throne. He left his crown on the ground as an evidence of respect of Gods presence. Two people are thoughtfully standing beside him. Some Other people are behind the king, on his right side. Four among them are focused on picking flowers from the floor and putting them in a basket hold by one Of the men. A girl is sitting and thinking near them. There are four guards standing and a woman sitting beside them. The people are all on a tapestry painting with flowers and leaves spread on it. As the viewer, appear to be standing at the back of the angel in front of the scene looking straight to he group of angels rising to the sky. The painting shows a contrast of light and dark color with the center of the canvas extremely light and colorful. As view Parsifal, my eyes are occasionally led over to the rising angels direction but keep coming back to the most important part Of the painting. The State Of mind of the people. This movement happens largely because of the light giving out by the standing angel in that direction. TO give a shiny effect to the painting, Simon spent a pearly layer on the dried colored layer. He used the technique of palette knife to add volume to its painting. Parsifal is designed for people that love realist and abstract artworks. I absolutely love Parsifal because it intrigues me. For a couple of days, I have been trying to understand the painters meaning and the reason for the peoples sadness in the painting. Deduced the people are sad based on a religious view. The angels are rising to the sky to collect the graces sent why the angel illuminating the forest. The light giving out is divine and inspires benediction. The people in the forest are divided into two based on their emotions. .u034448468553a2e22b5e515e495b3827 , .u034448468553a2e22b5e515e495b3827 .postImageUrl , .u034448468553a2e22b5e515e495b3827 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u034448468553a2e22b5e515e495b3827 , .u034448468553a2e22b5e515e495b3827:hover , .u034448468553a2e22b5e515e495b3827:visited , .u034448468553a2e22b5e515e495b3827:active { border:0!important; } .u034448468553a2e22b5e515e495b3827 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u034448468553a2e22b5e515e495b3827 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u034448468553a2e22b5e515e495b3827:active , .u034448468553a2e22b5e515e495b3827:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u034448468553a2e22b5e515e495b3827 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u034448468553a2e22b5e515e495b3827 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u034448468553a2e22b5e515e495b3827 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u034448468553a2e22b5e515e495b3827 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u034448468553a2e22b5e515e495b3827:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u034448468553a2e22b5e515e495b3827 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u034448468553a2e22b5e515e495b3827 .u034448468553a2e22b5e515e495b3827-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u034448468553a2e22b5e515e495b3827:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Belonging: the Crucible.Hotel California EssayThe people who lived a bad life are sadly thinking about what loud happen to them after death while the good ones are enjoying their lives picking flowers because they hope and believe God sent his angels to give them salvation. Simon painted this artwork to express his thoughts about our world. A lot of people live a bad life forgetting that at the end of the world, we will all be judged for our actions. The painter is expressing that when that time will arrive, most humans will be sad and thoughtful as the Holy Bible says: Be on your guard, stay awake, because you never know when the time will come (Mark 13, 33). Looking at Parsifal, it makes me think about humans life and my personal life. As an artist myself, appreciate the technical skill it took to create such a painting. This might inspire me to create a similar painting in the future but probably with another subject. Recognize the elements of abstract and realism that Simonys artworks are famous for and conclude that Parsifal really succeeds. According to the card next to the painting, Free Will and Miracle is an art. ark painted in oil on canvas by Bob Bartlett in 1932. The artists birth name is James William Bartlett Ill. He was born on December 29, 1955 in Columbus, Georgia (Wisped). Bob Bartlett first studied privately with Ben F. Long IV in Italy before attending the university of the Arts and Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts, both in Pennsylvania. He later attended Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine where he studied Anatomy and, the University of Pennsylvania where he studied Liberal Arts, Bartlett received a certificate in film making from New York University and created a film. Currently, Bob Bartlett lives and continues to paint (Wisped). He is an American realist with a modernist vision. To be able to describe the beauty he finds in life, he looks at Americas land and people (Bartlett. Com), Barrettes work can actually he found throughout the United States in private and public galleries. One of these works is in possession of La Sale Art Museum (Wisped). According to the information next to the painting, Free will and Miracle has been purchased in 1993 by the museum with the funds provided by the Arts Angels memberships, the Benjamin D. Banister Acquisition Fund and, with the consideration of the artist. As I said earlier, Oil painting is something know a bit about. Ere will and Miracle is an expressive painting to work on. While provoking on this artwork, I have been to the museum as many times as possible to the delight of the lady at the front desk. As the viewer of Free Will and Miracle, I appear to be standing in front of the two characters looking straight at the mountains. The scene takes place under a bridge at dawn built in terra cotta. Two people are prese nt, a couple. On the left side of the painting, the man is standing up holding a book in his right hand and placing the left hand on top of a metal barrel giving out fire. He is wearing black trousers, a cobalt blue shirt, a grey jacket and, brown leather shoes With a colorful headband. On the right side, the seven months pregnant lady is seated on a sheet with various patterns on the floor. She is wearing a velvet dress with fur at the neck. She has short hair tied with a black headband. There is a shopping bag behind her. The weather is cold so they lit a fire to keep warm. On the floor, there are straws and herbs, pieces of wood, a trash bag and, a tire. At the back of the bridge are some mountains. .u3ee3ecc3386ff5bbf9462bce69eb820b , .u3ee3ecc3386ff5bbf9462bce69eb820b .postImageUrl , .u3ee3ecc3386ff5bbf9462bce69eb820b .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u3ee3ecc3386ff5bbf9462bce69eb820b , .u3ee3ecc3386ff5bbf9462bce69eb820b:hover , .u3ee3ecc3386ff5bbf9462bce69eb820b:visited , .u3ee3ecc3386ff5bbf9462bce69eb820b:active { border:0!important; } .u3ee3ecc3386ff5bbf9462bce69eb820b .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u3ee3ecc3386ff5bbf9462bce69eb820b { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u3ee3ecc3386ff5bbf9462bce69eb820b:active , .u3ee3ecc3386ff5bbf9462bce69eb820b:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u3ee3ecc3386ff5bbf9462bce69eb820b .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u3ee3ecc3386ff5bbf9462bce69eb820b .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u3ee3ecc3386ff5bbf9462bce69eb820b .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u3ee3ecc3386ff5bbf9462bce69eb820b .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u3ee3ecc3386ff5bbf9462bce69eb820b:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u3ee3ecc3386ff5bbf9462bce69eb820b .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u3ee3ecc3386ff5bbf9462bce69eb820b .u3ee3ecc3386ff5bbf9462bce69eb820b-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u3ee3ecc3386ff5bbf9462bce69eb820b:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Early Italian Paintings: In the Metropolitan Museum of Art EssayBetween the bridge and the mountains, there is a road but no car around, Attached to the bridge, there is a bag containing a reddish liquid, some blood. The curator of La Sale Art Museum told me that during the Renaissance, people painted using symbolism that were understandable by everyone but Bartlett uses this method in our present 21st century without clearly establishing his symbols. This is why the bag containing blood does not seem to have a clear meaning as none of the two characters is wounded. Most of the colors on this painting are warm. Free Will and Miracle has a dull texture but a light value as the fire illuminates the people. Bartlett has painted this artwork to bring hope to desperate people. As view Pure Will and Miracle, my eyes are often led over to the background of the painting but keep coming back to the most important part, the couple and their actual condition. It is a painting bout a couple who believes in a miracle. They went shopping the previous afternoon and on the way back home, they had a car breakdown. The weather is cold and there is no telephone network to call for help. They slept under a bridge until the next morning, waiting and hoping someone would pass by and take them in his car. Free Will and Miracle is designed for people losing faith and hope. Though my first impression of Free Will and Miracle was that the painting seemed dull and boring, found it really interesting to work on, when looked at it the following days as I was trying to imagine the meaning of every single detail. The history deduced from this painting makes me believe that people should continue hoping that a good thing will soon happen. Each detail added to Free Will and Miracle gives it a particular sense. Barrettes painting inspires in me a couple who had to sleep under a bridge for some reasons, hoping someone would rescue them. This couple believes in a miracle and is persuaded they will tint a way to get out fifths situation, even though they tell sometimes sad. Free Will and Miracle makes me smile when I see this couple go on believing in a miracle after spending a night in the cold. It makes me realize that the proverb Nothing is ever lost in advance is full of meaning as there is always a hope that things will get better.

Kenya Essays - Kikuyu People, Kenyatta Family, Kenya, Republics

Kenya Kenya is in the heart of African safari country and no Tarzan movie can prepare you for Kenya's wilderness. I chose Kenya because someday I want to go on a safari and I thought that by researching Kenya I would learn a little more about safaris. The major tourist attractions in Kenya are the safaris. No other country contains a greater variety of birds and animals than Kenya, home of the Safari. Kenya has about eleven different types of safaris: Wildlife Safaris, Orinthological Safaris/Bird Watching, Camel Safaris, Hot Air Balloon Safaris, Horse Riding Safaris, Cycle and Trekking Safaris, Golf Safaris, Camping Safaris, Sport Fishing, Conference and Business Tourism, Mountaineering and Walking Trails, and Safari Circuits. There are so many different types of safaris that deciding how to take a safari, available on foot, by bicycle, by 4 wheel drive, by camel, by horse, by ox wagon, by balloon or by classical aerial safari, is sometimes a difficult decision. If you plan on going to Kenya and staying for less than thirty days, then a visa is not required. However, if u plan on a longer stay, you can get a visa before your trip or when you enter Kenya. Tourist visas require one application form, two passport photos, an onward or return ticket and the required fifty-dollar fee. Immunization for Yellow fever is recommended and Anti-malarial pills are recommended for those people who are traveling to the coastal regions of Kenya. Anthropological discoveries indicate that humans, perhaps the first on earth, probably inhabited southern Kenya some 2 million years ago. In the Kenya highlands farming and domestic herds can be dated to 1000 BC Arab traders settled on the coast by the 8th cent. AD, establishing several city-states. The Portuguese, who first visited the Kenya coast in 1498, gained control of much of it but were expelled by Arabs in 1729. In 1886, under a British-German agreement on spheres of influence in East Africa, most of present day Kenya passed to Britain, and in 1903, after a railroad opened up the interior, the first European settlers moved in. Under Britain, Europeans controlled the government, and Indians, who had arrived earlier, were active in commerce, while Africans were largely confined to subsistence farming or to work as laborers. Protests by Africans over their inferior status reached a peak in the so-called MAU-MAU emergency, an armed revolt against British rule. After the rebellion Britain increased African representation in the legislative council, and in 1963 Kenya gained independence. The country became a republic in 1964, with Jomo Kenyatta as president. The first decade of independence was marked by disputes among ethnic groups, especially the Kikuyu and the Luo, by the exodus of many Europeans and Asians, and by sporadic fighting with Somalia over boundary issues. Daniel Arap Moi of the Kenya African National Union succeeded to the presidency after Kenyatta's death in 1978. A stable democracy in 1978, Kenya under Moi became a one-party state and, increasingly, a dictatorship. Undermined by growing internal opposition and international resistance to supplying aid to his government, Moi agreed to end one-party rule in 1991, but social and political unrest, especially tribal conflicts that Moi's government has been accused of promoting, continued. Moi was reelected president in 1992 in a multiparty election that his opponents denounced as fraudulent. Since 1993, the government of Kenya has implemented a program of economic liberalization and reform. Steps have included the removal of import licensing and price controls, removal of foreign exchange controls, fiscal and monetary restraint, and reduction of the public sector through privatizing publicly owned companies and downsizing the civil service. The government has the support of the World Bank, IMF (International Monetary Fund), and other donors, and along with them these reforms have led to a turnaround in economic performance following a period of negative growth in the early 1990s. Kenya's real GDP (Gross Domestic Product) grew at 5% in 1995 and 4% in 1996, and inflation remained under control. Economic growth slowed in 1997-98. The exchange rate from U.S. Dollars ($) to Kenyan Shillings (KSh) is $1---76.30KSh. Political violence damaged the tourist industry, and the IMF allowed Kenya's Enhanced Structural Adjustment Program to lapse due to the government's failure to enact reform conditions and to adequately address public sector corruption. Moreover, El Nino rains destroyed crops and damaged an already crumbling infrastructure in 1997 and 1998. Long-term barriers to development include electricity shortages, the government's continued and inefficient dominance of key sectors, endemic corruption, and the country's high population growth rate. I think that Kenya has enormous potential for future growth.

Free Essays on The Problem Of Automobile Pollution

The Environmental Problem of Automobile Emissions Throughout the history of the automobile, there have been many issues concerning the pollution of the environment with regards to the emissions that automobiles produce. These issues have caused countries all over the world to make laws that govern the owners of automobiles in such a way that is supposed to reduce, or at least regulate, the total amount of automobile pollutants, of many different types, to a minimal point. Unfortunately, even the bare minimum of emissions produced and discharged into the environment, with the laws and regulations, is an amount that can damage the entire environment severely. In the examination of the environmental problem of automobiles, I will discuss three significant parts of the wide-ranged issue. The first is the breakdown of motor vehicle emissions, including all the possible different chemicals they produce, where the chemicals end up, and what they can actually do to affect the surrounding environments. The second part of the examination of this issue is the rules and regulations that governments, mainly that of the United States, have enforced in the approach to reduce the amount of chemical pollution in the environment due to automobiles. This will include all laws regarding the making of motor vehicles, as well as the conduction of emissions control centers all over the nation in which the fumes and chemicals of motor vehicles are tested to find out whether or not the car is environmentally safe. The last part of the issue to be discussed will be the possible effects the entire problem of automobile emissions can have on the environment. This will be examined with a point of view that looks at the environment as a whole and the problems that have major effects on it. In this part, an examination of the effect that the governments have had on the issue will be displayed, as well as an account of what may possibly happen to the... Free Essays on The Problem Of Automobile Pollution Free Essays on The Problem Of Automobile Pollution The Environmental Problem of Automobile Emissions Throughout the history of the automobile, there have been many issues concerning the pollution of the environment with regards to the emissions that automobiles produce. These issues have caused countries all over the world to make laws that govern the owners of automobiles in such a way that is supposed to reduce, or at least regulate, the total amount of automobile pollutants, of many different types, to a minimal point. Unfortunately, even the bare minimum of emissions produced and discharged into the environment, with the laws and regulations, is an amount that can damage the entire environment severely. In the examination of the environmental problem of automobiles, I will discuss three significant parts of the wide-ranged issue. The first is the breakdown of motor vehicle emissions, including all the possible different chemicals they produce, where the chemicals end up, and what they can actually do to affect the surrounding environments. The second part of the examination of this issue is the rules and regulations that governments, mainly that of the United States, have enforced in the approach to reduce the amount of chemical pollution in the environment due to automobiles. This will include all laws regarding the making of motor vehicles, as well as the conduction of emissions control centers all over the nation in which the fumes and chemicals of motor vehicles are tested to find out whether or not the car is environmentally safe. The last part of the issue to be discussed will be the possible effects the entire problem of automobile emissions can have on the environment. This will be examined with a point of view that looks at the environment as a whole and the problems that have major effects on it. In this part, an examination of the effect that the governments have had on the issue will be displayed, as well as an account of what may possibly happen to the...

Voluntarily Assuming Liability under the Law of Contract Case Study

Voluntarily Assuming Liability under the Law of Contract - Case Study Example The classic test for the imposition of a duty of care was articulated in Caparo Industries v Dickman. Accordingly, a duty of care will exist only where there is foreseeability, proximity and if the imposition of a duty of care is fair and reasonable in the circumstances.   Norris argues that in applying the test articulated in Caparo, it is necessary to determine whether or not a duty of care was assumed by the defendant and whether or not it was reasonable for the plaintiff to rely on the defendant’s assumption. It is important to note, however, that the assumption of responsibility and reliance on the duty are not conclusive evidence of the existence of a duty of care, but maybe â€Å"one of the ways in which the necessary degree of proximity may arise.† On the facts of the case for discussion, Alan asked John to take his keys from him if he drank too much that night at John’s house. The two proceed to drink two bottles of wine followed by brandy coffee.   It was stated how the wines were proportioned out between them and whether or not Alan drank too much throughout the evening.   Regardless, Alan indicated that he felt able to drive and nothing was made of it.   In any event, it does not appear that the consumption of alcohol had anything to do with the accident.   The fallen tree was the cause of the accident and the main question is whether or not, John’s call to Allan caused him to collide with the fallen tree and whether or not John assumed responsibility for preventing personal injury to John when he placed that telephone call.

The Impact of the 2011 Summer Floods in Brisbane Case Study

The Impact of the 2011 Summer Floods in Brisbane - Case Study Example There were two major floods recorded in Brisbane, Queensland in 2011. One included a series of floods which occurred on 10th January in the Lockyer Valley and the city of Toowoomba. This was followed by a devastating flood occurred in the city of Brisbane on 13th January 2011. The Brisbane flood of 2011 was the second biggest flood in the city in the 20th century. The Brisbane Flood was one of the series of floods that occurred in Queensland from 2010-2011. The Brisbane River Catchment area has been a sensitive area with respect to floods (Crompton, McAneney, Chen, Pielke and Haynes, 2010). In the 2011 Brisbane flood, major flooding was noted in most parts of the Brisbane River Catchment, especially in major tributaries of Brisbane River like Bremer River and Lockyer Creek. The flood led to the loss of one life in Brisbane and more than 23 lives in the valley of Lockyer. It was estimated that 18000 properties were submerged by the immensely high flood heights in metropolitan Brisbane and many parts of the Brisbane River Valley. All the houses in the floodplain area were highly damaged with some being completely washed away by the flood. The recorded height of the flood was 14.6 feet in the proper city areas which were estimated to be the 10th highest flood level in the history of floods in the Brisbane city. Major parts of the city were submerged under water and evacuation centers and rescue teams were launched by the government of Australia to manage the disastrous consequences of this flood. The flood not only led to the loss of lives and property but it also had profound impacts on the psychological and physical health of the residents in Brisbane (Alderman, Turner, and Tonga, 2013). In total, more than 200,000 people were affected in varied ways by the Brisbane flood. A commercial loss of around USD 4 billion was recorded across different sectors like tourism, mining, and agriculture. The flood caused the inundation of 3570 business and commercial premises and caused the damage of 1900 kilometers of roads in Brisbane city.

Naval Ground Strategy Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Naval Ground Strategy - Assignment Example t, the security of a large and expanding system of international trade in the 20th century would depend on the creation of a transnational consortium of naval power (i.e., the U.S. and Britain).2 Mahan advocated for application of sea power through a big navy which according to him was significant in commerce and economic warfare. He believed that the nation or a group of nations that commanded the sea could be in a good position to draw trade, wealth, and economic resources of the world and was most likely to win wars3. During the civil war, naval weaknesses of the southern states led to seaborne assault. In the course of the four years of conflict, the territorial integrity and economic vivacity of the south were compromised by the union army and navy.4 In this regard, Mahan’s view of navy power could be seen as accounts of truth that were to happen. On the case of Britain, Mahan believed that in late 18th and 19th centuries, Britain had been better placed because parliament had been dominated by men with close ties to maritime commerce. In his view of naval supremacy in the 20th century, he believed that not a single democratized nation would be capable of commanding such supremacy and that this would only be exercised by a transnational group of navies.5 However, he insisted that the basis of such an arrangement would not be formal agreement but absence of political conflict. In his view, he believed that Britain and the United States would constitute such cooperation. However, in quest for superpower supremacy, the US has predominantly set its programs and doctrines to enable it attain this dream. In September 2002, the bush administration issued its national security strategy, which advocated for use of force to get rid of any apparent challenge to US global hegemony.6 This could be analyzed as grand strategy by the US to maintain its world dominance. However, in many situations, the US mission can be termed as a failed one. In fact, due to its dominance

Sustainable Dive Tourism in the Red Sea

Sustainable Dive Tourism in the Red Sea Abstract Research has shown that the marine and coral habitats within the Red Sea are being subjected to levels of damage from the effects of diving activities in the areas that cannot be sustained in the long term. With this area of tourism set to increase dramatically within the next decade, there is an urgent need for the industry stakeholders and environment organisations to work together to develop and implement sustainable diving tourism policies that will allow the marine eco-system to recover, or at least halt the current pace of degradation. The research findings from this study show that there is a general willingness on the part of the diving consumer to accept the need for such protection policies. At present, this is not a position that is shared by all of the industry shareholders. This study highlights the fact that there is an urgent need for dive tourism stakeholders, irrespective of this individual goal, to work together in partnership in order to develop systems and policies that will preserve and protect the fascinating marine and coral life that exists beneath the Red Sea for the enjoyment of future generations. Table of Contents (Jump to) Abstract Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Aims and Objectives 1.3 Overview Chapter 2 Literature Review 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Marine tourism environmental issue 2.3 Marine environment protection 2.4 Sustainable diving tourism 2.5 The Red Sea and diving tourism 2.6 Summary Chapter 3 Methodology 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Choice of research method 3.3 The questionnaires and interviews 3.4 Performance of the research Chapter 4 Research Findings 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Response to corporate questionnaire 4.3 Response to dive club questionnaire Chapter 5 Analysis and discussion of findings 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Research findings 5.3 Discussion Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Introduction As most academics acknowledge, including Brown (2000), Ryan and Page (2000) and Mowforth and Munt (2003), since the liberalisation of transport in the middle part of the last century, tourism has become the world’s fastest growing and largest industry. This is evidenced by the fact that over the past two and a half decades international tourist arrivals have grown by nearly threefold (Weaver 2005, p.2) and by 2020 this figure is expected to exceed 1.6 billion. As El-Adli and Bashandy (2003) rightly observe, globalisation and technological advances, which allowed international travel to become accessible to the masses, has been partially responsible for fuelling this growth pattern. Initially, this expansion of tourism took the form of mass excursions, such as package tours with travellers flocking to the areas of beach, sea and sun, usually for a two week summer vacation. However, more recently an increasing number of tourists have become more discerning. Encouraged by media attention on exotic locations, the mass tourist sector has given way to the traveller seeking a new and more fulfilling experience, wanting to explore natural habitats that are foreign to their domestic experiences. As a result, due to the uniqueness of their climate and geographical position, the world’s developing countries have become the focus for those travellers who want to experience firsthand the wonders of nature and its exotic species of fauna and wildlife (Mowforth and Munt (2003, p.1). One area of nature that has particularly attracted the attention of this new breed of tourist is the growing interest in experiencing the beauty of marine life in its natural setting. This has led to an explosion of diving tourism throughout many areas of the world, particularly the marine reef regions off the coasts of countries like Australia, the Caribbean and the Middle East, which boast some of the worlds most unusual and exotic species of underwater plants, fishes and marine life. For many thousands of people, diving in exotic locations throughout the world is a tourism experience that cannot be equalled by any other water sport or leisure activity, hence its increasing popularity. Perhaps understandably, considering the recent increase in concerns about the damage that human activity is causing to the planet and its natural environment, it was not surprising that the explosion of marine tourism attracted the attention of environmentalists, concerned about whether the natural environment could survive the impact of this growth. This has led to a plethora of research studies during the past two decades seeking to assess the level of damage marine tourism is causing to the inhabitants of these natural environments. The consensus is that the present growth rate poses a real threat to marine life and that measures need to be adopted within the tourist industry that will reduce and reverse these risks (Weaver 2005). In other words diving tourism must move to adopt and implement a more sustainable policy. In defining what is meant by sustainable tourism, McKercher (quoted in Ryan and Page 2000, p.157) provided the following explanation: â€Å"Sustainable tourism is defined as when tourism is sustainable, the natural and cultural resources and the environmental, social and economic well-being of an area are maintained forever.† However, with the international tourism industry having effectively been given a â€Å"free reign to develop throughout the world† (El-Adli and Bashandy 2003, p.1), the difficulties being faced is how to resolve the conflicting demands of all the stakeholders within the marine destinations in order to reach agreement upon policies that will address the conflicts of over-use and environmental damage. As some academics remark, there are those who argue that the term sustainable cannot be applied to an industry that is seeing almost unparalleled growth and which, by its very nature, demands environmental damage as infrastructure is created to house these tourists (Wahab and Pigrim 1997, p.2). Others believe that it is imperative that new sustainable tourism products are designed to limit the environment damage being caused to marine destinations (Buhalis and Costa 2006, p.4). However, as these authors admit (ibid, p.230), the problem is how to resolve the dichotomy of creating pr oducts that meet tourists goals and ensure sustainable growth. It is the issue of balancing the needs of the marine environment with those of the tourism industry, particularly as it relates to diving, that has prompted this research study. To provide a focus for this research it is intended to use the Red Sea area of the Middle East as a case study. The reason for this choice can be found in Sarha et al’s (2004, p.1) overview of the area, which can be summarised as follows: The Red Sea is one of the most important repositories It has attracted a significant increase in tourist activity, particularly diving Tourism accounts for 10% of Egypt’s GDP and 4% of employment 1.2 Aims and Objectives With the concentration of this research being related to the Red Sea, the aim of the study is to identify the level of damage being caused to the marine environment within this destination and to evaluate the current level of sustainable measure that are being introduced to address these issues. From this evaluation the research will provide an assessment of the effectiveness of sustainable diving tourism in the region. To assist in focusing upon and achieving the aims outlined above, the following objectives have been set for the research being conducted: Marine environment To provide an overview of the marine environment, which will include an examination of the types and causes of the damage that is being done to this environment and the programmes designed to address this problem. Diving Tourism To provide a greater understanding of the attractions and component factors related to diving tourism, specifically its relationship to exotic locations. This will include an overview of the current standards that are applicable within this sector of the tourism industry Sustainable tourism for the diving industry To assess and evaluate the current sustainable programmes that are being recommended and introduced into diving tourism. The assessment will consider measures being considered by all stakeholders, including the diving industry, tour operators, destination managers and the international community. In all of the above objectives particularly attention will be paid to their relationship to the Red Sea marine environment in the Middle East. 1.3 Overview In chapter two a critical literature is undertaken, which is intended to focus upon the main issues that arise from the aims and objectives of the research question, namely the environmental impact of marine and coastal tourism. This review will also focus upon the contribution that diving has upon this situation and an examination of the diving tourism in the Red Sea area together with an overview of some of the actions that are being taken to address this problem. Chapter three provides an overview of the methodology used for this research, which includes and explanation of the reasons for this choice and the process by which secondary and primary data was collected, analysed and evaluated. Following on from the methodology outline, the findings from the analysis of both the secondary and primary researches are presented in chapter four and these are discussed in detail in the following chapter (5). The research is then brought to a conclusion in chapter six, where appropriate obse rvations and recommendations are made. Attached to the main body of this research is a bibliography of the resources relied upon for the study together with appendices containing other information that is considered of value. This includes copies of the primary questionnaires and interview transcripts. Chapter 2 Literature Review 2.1 Introduction As previously mentioned, sustaining the natural habit of the marine environment in the face of its increasing attractiveness to tourists, particularly divers, has become a contentious issue. There are many stakeholders to consider when looking at the process of sustainable tourism and, achieving a balance between financial reliance and environmental protection, especially if the resort has no prior knowledge in dealing with these issues, has proved to be fraught with difficulty (Weaver 2005, p. 26 and 61). This critical literature review is intended to consider the currently published arguments and discussions that address these various issues and provide a deeper understanding of the problems that need to be resolved with all the wide variety of stakeholders. 2.2 Marine tourism environmental issue The marine environment forms an important part of the world’s eco-systems. It not only provides a source of food and other natural resources for some of the world’s population, but also is in itself a living environment that is home to wide range of underwater plants and living creatures. Each of these relies upon the other for their continued life (Cote and Reynolds 2006, Carleton Ray and McCormick-Ray 2004 and Roberts 2007). Furthermore, it also influences the CO2 levels within the atmosphere. The bio-diversity that exists beneath the oceans can therefore be seen to be important to the natural balance of the planet and any issue or activity that upsets this balance is likely to have serious consequences to the long-term health of the world and its population. Of particular importance to this research is the area of the marine environment that includes the coral reef eco-system, as this is the area that attracts the highest level of tourist involvement, attracting millions of visitors each year. As can be seen in from table Table 2 included in appendix 1, there are a number of coral reefs world wide, covering a total area of just under 285,000 km2. The eco-system of the coral reef is unique in the diverse level of services these regions perform within the biodiversity systems and the range of products it contains (see table 1). There have been countless studies over recent years that have recorded the levels of damage that can be caused to coral reef and the manner in which this affects the ability of the reefs to sustain their eco-systems in the longer term. The studies of Jameson et al (2007), Cesar (2003), and Agarwal and Shaw (2007) are amongst recent academics who warn that ignoring these issues will have serious adverse consequences. Although causes of damage have been highlighted to include such factors as increases in carbon emissions, the consequence of air and sea travel and marine faming and fishing, diving tourism has also been shown to have a direct impact on the reef in this respect. Consequently it has generated its own expanding area of research attention (Ryan and Page 2000, p.275). In general it is considered that damage from diving tourism manifests itself in the activities of several industry stakeholders: The diving fraternity Numerous academic studies have been conducted to assess the level of damage caused to the coral reef by divers (Cesar 2003, Barker and Roberts 2004 amongst others). Most have concluded that inexperience within this marine environment is one of the root causes of this damage (Barker and Roberts 2004, p.482). Hawkins and Roberts (quoted in Cesar 2003), attributed 95% of all diver coral damage being the result of misuse of fins and hands, for example by kicking or brushing against the coral or using hands to grab onto coral and propel the diver through the water. In addition, lack of care with equipment is another contributory factor. Lack of buoyancy training or knowledge will often result in a situation where a diver’s scuba equipment will knock or fall against the coral, causing breakages. These results are confirmed by other studies carried out by Barker and Roberts (2004), who recorded 261 incidences of contact being made with the coral whilst observing 353 active divers, in other words incidences were occurring in approach 74% of dives. However, the also found that when accompanied by guides, this level of accident fell by around 80% (barker and Roberts 2004, pp. 485 and 488). This proved to the authors that guided dives were an important element of marine protection policies. The destination resort Increased levels of diving tourism have had an impact upon the local infrastructure of the resorts. To meet the demands of these tourists, in some cases sand is being taken from the beaches in order to fulfil construction requirements for projects such as hotels (Gladstone 2000, p.1023). In other words, through these and other actions, â€Å"resort hotels and other service providers and retailers are damaging the reefs to provide their businesses with better opportunities† (Mowforth and Munt 2003, 282). Furthermore, the continual expansion of tourism resorts in coastal areas is creating more â€Å"sewage and other rubbish than local infrastructures can handle† (Brown 2000, p.48), which means that some of this effluence is finding its way into the seas surrounding the coral reefs. The level of waste that is being produced increases the incidence of damage caused to the fragile eco-system of the coral reefs. Tour operators Tour operators, whether these are international tour companies or local tour operators such as diving clubs are also criticised by the environment community, mainly because of the damage their methods of operations cause to marine sites. This criticism relates generally to two main issues. The first is the lack of knowledge and training that they provide to the diving tourist and indeed the lack of supervision (Agarwal and Shaw 2007). Research like that undertaken by Gladstone (2000) and Wilkinson (2006) indicates that when divers are being instructed and supervised in groups, the level of damage reduces significantly. The other criticism levelled at tour operators is aimed at those who use boats as platforms from which to commence diving excursions. As Weaver (2005, p.83) and Prior et al (1995) point out, the dropping and dragging of anchors can and does damage corals. This area of activity has increased recently because beaches have become more exclusive in some exotic areas, Restricted from beach access, independent operators have had no choice but to move their operations to sea (Hess and El-bakry2007). National and local authorities The other stakeholder who actions, or inactions, have an impact upon the marine coral reef environment are the local and national governments and authorities. The problem in this respect is often related to the condition of the national economy and that country’s position in terms of economic growth compared with other nations (Cote and Reynolds 2006). Many coral reefs are situated close to developing countries. Many governments in developing countries, either due to lack of resources and the need for the revenue produced from marine tourism, lack the â€Å"political will† or inclination to take steps to protect the marine environment, irrespective of the consequences (Wilkinson 2006 and Roberts 2007). As can be seen, the actions of all of the above contributing causes of damage are leading to the â€Å"depletion of coral reefs at sea† (Brown 2000, p.69). It is against the difficulties outlined above that marine environmentalists have needed to develop marine protection deemed acceptable by all industry stakeholders. 2.3 Marine environment protection As Cote and Reynolds (2006), Carlton-Ray and McCormick-Ray (2004) and Orams (1999) research reveals, there have been a number of proposals put forward by various interested parties that are designed to reduce the impact of diving tourism on the marine coral reef environment. Some of these measures, including more supervision, charging fees to allow tourists to take part in dives in specific areas and closer control of resort planning regulations had been directly aimed at improving other stakeholders’ behaviour. Some of these, including floating and submerged walkways (El-Adli and Bashandy 2003), are designed to improve environment use and enjoyment. However, other protection measures have been more restrictive. For example, a method of zoning is being implemented in a number of marine areas, which are seen as a means of prohibiting diving in areas that are considered particularly sensitive. Similarly, the use of mooring buoys for boats, whilst reducing the damage caused by anchors, can also be used in conjunction with zoning to direct divers away from certain marine areas (El-Adli and Bashandy 2003). 2.4 Sustainable diving tourism Tourist destinations and tour operators have all be quick to exploit the expansion of recreational diving activities in areas of marine beauty (Wahab and Pigrim 1995, p.284) and that includes enjoying their hobby in the more exotic areas of the world that include the coral reefs eco-systems (Mowforth and Munt 2003, 147). Most observers and academics and observers are of the opinion that if they wish to continue with this pleasure activity, divers and their organisations need to change their practices to a more sustainable form (Mowforth and Munt 2003, p.4). As organisations such as the Coral Reef Alliance (2008) advice suggests, many of these conservation measures are based largely on common sense. For example, perhaps the most basic aspect of advice is that which promotes the learning of skills such as buoyancy and avoiding physical contact with the reef (Kenally 2006). These skills will eliminate damage being caused either by physical or equipment contact. Another aspect of good diving is to stay clear of the sea bed and learn body control that avoids accidental contact (Coral Reef Alliance (2008). In addition to this advice for diving activities whilst in the water, the Coral Reef Alliance (2008), also provides the following recommendations for divers when they are shore-side, which consists of the following: Support coral parks and other conservation projects by: Paying user fees in recognized coral parks and conservation areas that are actively supporting coral reef conservation. Encouraging and supporting the use of dive moorings. Participating in cleanups Volunteering your skills Donating used equipment such as cameras, dive gear or reef ID books. Avoid purchasing souvenirs made from coral, turtles or other marine life -often this is illegal, and it’s never environmentally wise. Speak up; make sure your dive buddies understand these simple but important conservation practices. Source: Coral Reef Alliance (2008) 2.5 The Red Sea and diving tourism A stated previously, the increase in diving tourism is rising exponentially and there is little sign of this rate decreasing in the near future (Gladstone 2000, p. 1016). Although this endangers coral reefs throughout the world, as Prior et al (2007) and Harriott (2002), suggest, one of the most vulnerable sites has to be the Red Sea (see figure 2). As Hess (2007), also explains, because of its location in relation to Europe and other world nations, the coral reefs in the Red Sea act like a magnet in terms of attracting diving tourists, which places an additional burden upon the marine environment. Although, at least up to 2004, the condition and status of the† coral reefs bordering the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden is generally good, with live hard coral cover averaging 20-50%† (Hassan et al 2002), research carried out since that comment was made indicates that there potential issues in terms of diving damage to be addressed in the area. Egypt is planning to continue the expansion of its tourism industry, for which it has set a target of receiving â€Å"16 million tourists by 2017† (Shaalan 2005). A segment of this increased tourist population will be attracted by diving activities, continuing a trend that has been evidenced since the turn of the century (see table 2). Already, with in excess of 250,000 dives per annum along part of the Red Sea coast, other research has revealed disturbing evidence of coral reef damage from diving activities. For example, in a survey conducted by Zakai and Chadwick-Furman (2002, p. 179), significant evidence of diver damage was reported. This survey reported the following conclusions: Around 10 incidents of coral damage per dive, ranging from sediment to contact damage. Damage levels were related directly to the frequency of diving activities, and were not affected by the geographical design of the area. Similarly, contrary to Hassan et al’s (2002) research, a similarly study carried out by Cesar (2003, p. 7), refuted claims that the coral reef remained unaffected, reporting in this case that â€Å"40% of dive sites have less than 30% coral cover, with one third having significant levels or broken and damaged corals.† The consensus of opinion amongst academics who have studied this specific location, which includes Gladstone (2000), Cesar (2003), Zakir and Chadwick-Furman (2002) and Shaalan (2005), is that without the introduction of serious levels of marine protection and diving control policies, the current levels of damage to the marine eco-system in the area will be exacerbate. This might lead to irreparable damage to this environment. As Shaalan (2005) also comment, all of the stakeholders, including the government, tour operators and resort managers and the divers themselves, have a role to play in introducing a range of policies and practices to ensure a level of sustainable tourism will be achieved and halt the current degradation to the coral environment that is taking place. These concerns are aptly summarised by Jameson et al (2007, p. 309) who state that â€Å"From a historical perspective, at the Small Giftun site from 1987 to 1996, percentage hard coral cover decreased by 43% and algal cover increased over fourfold. If the diving tourism industry is to sustain itself in the Egyptian Red Sea, every management effort must be made to minimise controllable sources of stress on the coral reef system.† 2.6 Summary From the analysis and examination of the literature indentified within this chapter, it is apparent that the marine environment is being subjected to environmental damage. Furthermore, whilst there might be some justification for those within the diving community to say that they and their activities are not solely responsible for this damage, to majority of research studied indicates that there are sufficient levels of damage being caused by this sector of the tourism industry to warrant the need for protective action. In addition, current decisions being made regarding the future of tourism in Egypt, which suggests that 55% of the future growth is anticipated to occur within coastal regions along the Red Sea (Hawkins and Roberts 1994), confirm that the urgency of need to implement sustainable practices and policies to protect the marine and coral reef environment in the region. Furthermore, it suggests that the timescale of this introduction is limited. The results of the primary research conducted for this study, which also concentrates upon the Red Sea area (see chapters 4 and 5), will provide an indication of the levels of responsibility felt by stakeholders in the diving sector and the level of their commitment to change. Chapter 3 Methodology 3.1 Introduction The research question chosen for this research, namely to study the impact of diving upon the marine and coral reef environment was motivated by two main situations. Firstly, it is intended to examine this issue in an area that has indicated a preparedness to increase the current levels of diving tourism within the next decade by significant numbers. Secondly, the complexities of stakeholder demands within the region suggest that the creation of marine environmental protection policies that will satisfy the needs and of all those involved. Bearing in mind these limitations, the aim of the research therefore is to evaluate the effectiveness and efficiency of current and future sustainable tourism policies in the region, specifically those related to the diving sector. There has been a considerable amount of research conducted into the environmental damage being caused to the marine environment and eco-systems of the coral reefs in the Red Sea. However, despite these advances, it is the author’s view that, although the plans and policies for sustainability suggested by various environmental academics are to be applauded, their successful implementation is dependent upon the views of others. Unless agreement is reached between all the stakeholders to take action any new initiative is doomed to failure. Therefore, a major part of the focus of this research project is to assess how and if the views of commercial stakeholders and diving service users, in other words the divers themselves, coincide with those of the policy makers. 3.2 Choice of research method Any study relating to issues of a commercial or economic nature can be conducted through the choice of a number of methods. The options available consists of research study using secondary data collection processes, which can combine a case study investigation with pre-existing literature of sufficient expertise to provide an extensive overview of the subject matter. Alternatively, the research can choose the more focused route of conducting questionnaire and interviews with representatives from the sector being studied. In the case of this specific research into diving in the Red Sea, it was decided that, in isolation, the independent use of one of the above would not provide sufficient depth the research project embarked upon. It was therefore the author’s decision to use a combination of both methods as this was deemed to enable the achievement of a more valued resolution to the research question (Denscombe 1998). In reaching this decision, the author also considered the limitations that can apply to these research methods. For example, one area that is often of concern with the collection of primary data is the achievement of an appropriate sampling that would serve as a sufficient representation for the industry as a whole. The issue to be aware of in this case is to ensure that, whilst the primary process can result in the revelation of data and information that might be difficult to obtain through other methods, its analysis should be kept free from personal or organisational bias. One method of ensuring the lack of bias, which contributed to the author’s choice of research method, is to use the secondary data collected for the process of cross-referencing and comparison with primary findings. This ensures that the research retains a balanced and accurate approach to the issues and results being studied. 3.3 The questionnaires and interviews In view of the issue of diving and marine conservation being studied for this project, the process of primary data collection in this case

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Not Everyone Can Climb a Tree Many people have gone through our education system believing they are stupid when in fact the schools have failed to teach and assess them in the manner they are best suited to. How we learn and how we are assessed in retaining lessons is key to a productive and inclusive society. In the past, rote learning was the primary method of teaching and assessments were based on how much knowledge the student could recite. Currently, other methods are additionally employed to improve creativity and connection to information and retention is measured by benchmarks and expected developmental stages. However, with weaknesses attributed to both methods, a more inclusive method that incorporates positive aspects of all types of learning and teaches in the way that works best for each individual would be preferable. A blended learning method would be the best because it combines the acquisition of knowledge from rote learning with the creative problem solving connections from prior knowledge learned in creative play and adds critical thinking skills or the ability to assess the value of information. Assessments would be based on the kind of learner each person is and how the students master concepts and essential skills such as problem solving, critical thinking, and decision-making. This kind of learning would focus on understanding how individuals learn best and then using that type of learning as the primary tool for teaching that individual. In this way, students who excel in artistic endeavors would not have their intelligence assessed by how well they determine the biochemical structure of the latest new polycarbonate molecule and no one would go through life thinking they are stupid. Historically ... ...ing, which I think is the cost of the development of this learning style and the assessment. The cost would be a big factor in the decision to go ahead with this kind of learning in the classroom or not. In the past, learning was limited to rote memorization and recitation, which resulted in a noticeable segment being bored or turned off by academics, believing they were not smart enough to learn anything. More recently new learning methods have been employed that incorporate play into learning and is more student directed rather than teacher directed. While this method employs additional learning skills it still lacks a critical thinking component. Blended learning employs the best of rote and creative learning while adding the ability to assess the value of information as well. Learning is based on methods that are best suited for each individual student.